The Human Development Index is a composite statistic combining life expectancy at birth, expected and mean years of schooling, and gross national income per capita (adjusted for purchasing power parity) into a single index running from 0 to 1, developed by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq working with Indian economist Amartya Sen and first published by the United Nations Development Programme in its inaugural Human Development Report in 1990. Conceived explicitly as a rebuttal to using GDP or GNI per capita alone as a measure of a country's development, on the reasoning that national income says nothing directly about health or education outcomes, the HDI is published annually by the UNDP ranking nearly every country in the world and remains the most widely cited alternative development benchmark to purely income-based measures.
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1. Human Development Index (Wikipedia)
WikipediaWikipedia, "Human Development Index", lead section
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistical composite index of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which is used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country scores a higher level of HDI when the lifespan, education level and gross national income GNI (PPP) per capita are higher. It was developed by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul-Haq and was further used to measure a country's development by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)'s Human Development Report Office.
Introduction, frequency
Conceived explicitly as a rebuttal to using GDP or GNI per capita alone as a measure of a country's development, on the reasoning that national income says nothing directly about health or education outcomes, the HDI is published annually by the UNDP ranking nearly every country in the world and remains the most widely cited alternative development benchmark to purely income-based measures.
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